Which of the following is considered an output of a business as defined by FASB ASC 805?

In the context of FASB ASC 805, which deals with business combinations, the definition of "outputs" generally refers to the results of an entity's processes that provide goods or services to customers. These outputs are directly linked to the business's ability to generate revenue.

Dividends and lower costs are recognized as financial outputs that can result from a company’s operations. Dividends represent a distribution of profits to shareholders, directly reflecting the company's capacity to generate net income. On the other hand, lower costs can lead to higher profit margins and increased value for stakeholders, illustrating efficiency in operations.

Other options such as research and development costs, employee training programs, and operational procedures do not qualify as outputs in FASB ASC 805’s framework. They are considered inputs or processes necessary for creating outputs but do not represent the final product or service that brings economic benefits or revenue to the business. Thus, these options highlight important aspects of a business's functions but do not fit the specific definition of outputs under ASC 805.